What Happened
Beijing, Tehran, And Moscow Challenge US Influence
America’s adversaries, including China, Russia, and Iran, are increasingly using horizontal escalation to challenge US influence, threatening allied supply chains and expanding the battlefield to new geographic regions. This approach presents a significant challenge for US policymakers, who tend to organize policies vertically. The US and its allies must develop strategies to counter this threat, including denying adversaries easy opportunities for horizontal escalation and developing their own horizontal escalation options. This was reported by an unknown source.