• Russia has created a 'shadow air fleet' for military supply in Africa.
• At least 75 flights from Russia to Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger occurred between January 2025 and July 2026.
• The network involves military operators, government agencies, and private transport companies.
• The most active carrier is OJSC '224th Flight Squadron', controlled by the Russian Ministry of Defense.

The existence of a 'shadow air fleet' may indicate Russia's efforts to maintain a covert military presence in Africa, which could have significant implications for regional security and global geopolitical dynamics. This development suggests a sophisticated logistics system, potentially undermining international sanctions and oversight.